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Table of Contents
Basic Interaction
Polling versus interrupts
There are two common techniques used to make a microcontroller (like the Arduino) respond to changes in its inputs. One is polling, the other is interrupts.
In a polling setup, the mircocontoller explicitly examines all its input sources during its main loop to see what state each input is in, and then it responds accordingly.
In an interrupt scheme, the microcontroller does essentially nothing in its main loop, but it is directed to do something specific when an input source jostles it into action.
Of the two, polling is probably easier to get started with. You can use both techniques at the same time as well.
Following is a simple example of using polling.
Switch-controlled LED
The following examples use polling to determine the state of a switch. If the switch is pressed, Arduino will turn an LED on. If it is not pressed, it will turn the LED off.
With external pulldown resistors
The following example requires pulldown resistors on the input switch.
- LightSwitch.ino
/* LightSwitch Turn an LED on and off. Requires pulldown resistor on input. */ int pushButtonPin = 2; // connect the push button to digital pin 2 int ledPin = 13; // connect the LED to pin 13 int buttonState; // stores current button state void setup() { pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT); // make the pushbutton's pin an input pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // make LED's pin an output } void loop() { buttonState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin); // read the input pin // set LED state accordingly if (buttonState == HIGH) // if the button is pushed digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the LED on else // otherwise digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the LED off //delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability (?) }
Notice the use of an if-else
statement. The if-else
statement is an example of flow control.
A more compact version of the above that eliminates the if-else statement:
- LightSwitch2.ino
/* LightSwitch2 Turn an LED on and off. Requires pulldown resistor on input. */ int pushButtonPin = 2; // connect the push button to digital pin 2 int ledPin = 13; // connect the LED to pin 13 int buttonState; // stores current button state void setup() { pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT); // make the pushbutton's pin an input pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // make LED's pin an output } void loop() { buttonState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin); // read the input pin digitalWrite(ledPin, buttonState); // turn the LED on or off //delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability (?) }
And an even more compact version:
- LightSwitch3.ino
/* LightSwitch3 Turn an LED on and off. Requires pulldown resistor on input. */ int pushButtonPin = 2; // connect the push button to digital pin 2 int ledPin = 13; // connect the LED to pin 13 int buttonState; // stores current button state void setup() { pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT); // make the pushbutton's pin an input pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // make LED's pin an output } void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin, digitalRead(pushButtonPin)); // read the input pin and turn the LED on or off //delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability (?) }
With internal pullup resistors
Using extenal resistors as part of switch state detection is so common that the microchip that is at the heart of the Arduino has built-in pullup resistors that can be turned on manually. Internal pullup resistors can be enabled with:
digitalWrite(pushButtonPin, HIGH);
Here are the first two versions above but modified to use internal pullup resistors.
- LightSwitchPullup.ino
/* LightSwitchPullup Turn an LED on and off. Internal pullup version. */ int pushButtonPin = 2; // connect the push button to digital pin 2 int ledPin = 13; // connect the LED to pin 13 int buttonState; // stores current button state void setup() { pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT); // make the pushbutton's pin an input digitalWrite(pushButtonPin, HIGH); // turn on internal pullup resistors pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // make LED's pin an output } void loop() { buttonState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin); // read the input pin // set LED state accordingly // becasue we are using pullup resistors, the logic is inverted; // in other words, pressed produces LOW, un-pressed produces HIGH. if (buttonState == LOW) // if the button is pushed digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the LED on else // otherwise digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the LED off }
- LightSwitchPullup2.ino
/* LightSwitchPullup2 Turn an LED on and off. Internal pullup version. */ int pushButtonPin = 2; // connect the push button to digital pin 2 int ledPin = 13; // connect the LED to pin 13 int buttonState; // stores current button state void setup() { pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT); // make the pushbutton's pin an input digitalWrite(pushButtonPin, HIGH); // turn on internal pullup resistors pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // make LED's pin an output } void loop() { buttonState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin); // read the input pin // set LED state accordingly // becasue we are using pullup resistors, the logic is inverted; // in other words, pressed produces LOW, un-pressed produces HIGH. digitalWrite(ledPin, !buttonState); // turn the LED on or off }