The Arduino literature refers to “digital” inputs, and while this is strictly accurate, a better name for these kinds of inputs is “Boolean” or “logical” inputs. However, we will use the more common “digital input” to avoid confusion.

An Arduino digital input is one that responds to two different levels; anything above a certain voltage (but lower than the Arduino's supply voltage) is considered HIGH, and anything below a certain voltage (but not below 0 volts) is considered LOW. Anything in between is not defined. The threshold levels will vary with specific Arduino implementation, so to learn what they are you should consult the documentation.

Typically, digital input signals are designed so that when HIGH they have a value equal to the supply voltage and when LOW they are equal to 0 volts.

We've already seen an example of Arduino digital inputs in the Basic Interaction examples. Here is the TODO but using some additional variable types that better match the role of the variables.

with const and boolean

Below is an attempt to write an Arduino program that toggles power to an LED when a button is pressed. In other words, if the pushbutton is pressed while the LED is off, it should turn on; when the pushbutton is pressed again, the LED should turn off.

To implement this functionality, we must keep track of the state of the program. In particular, in each loop iteration, we will need to know if the button is being pressed, and in addition we will need to keep track of whether the button was pressed during the previous time though the loop.

Our first attempt at writing the program is below. Be cautioned that it won't work as expected. It is logically correct, but it doesn't account for a physical characteristic of real-world switches. We will address this problem and its solution in the next section.

LightToggleLogic.ino

/*
 LightToggleLogic
 Toggle an LED on and off.
 */
 
const int pushButtonPin = 2;    // connect the push button to digital pin 2
const int ledPin = 13;          // connect the LED to pin 13
boolean ledState = LOW;         // used to set LED
boolean lastButtonState = LOW;  // value of buttonState from previous loop iteration
 
void setup() {
  pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT);      // make the pushbutton's pin an input
  digitalWrite(pushButtonPin, HIGH);  // turn on pullup resistors
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);            // make LED's pin an output
  digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}
 
void loop() {
  boolean buttonState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin);  // read the input pin
 
  // if button goes down and before it was high
  if (buttonState == LOW && lastButtonState == HIGH) {
    if (ledState == HIGH)            // toggle LED
      ledState = LOW;
    else
      ledState = HIGH;
 
    digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);  // turn the LED on or off
  }
 
  lastButtonState = buttonState;
}

A very simple approach debouncing is to introduce a delay whenever a relevant switch press is detected. The amount of delay will vary from switch to switch, so experimentation will likely be required.

general

add pind number to debounce function

LightToggleDebounced.ino

/*
 LightToggleDebounced
 Toggle an LED on and off (with s/w debouncing)
 */
 
const int pushButtonPin = 2;    // connect the push button to digital pin 2
const int ledPin = 13;          // connect the LED to pin 13
const int debounceTime = 5;     // number of millisecods to delay after button press
 
boolean ledState = LOW;         // used to set LED
boolean lastButtonState = HIGH; // value of buttonState from previous loop iteration
boolean buttonState = HIGH;
 
void setup() {
  pinMode(pushButtonPin, INPUT);      // make the pushbutton's pin an input
  digitalWrite(pushButtonPin, HIGH);  // turn on pullup resistors
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);            // make LED's pin an output
  digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}
 
boolean debounce(boolean lastState) {
  boolean nowState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin);
  if (lastState != nowState) {
    delay(debounceTime);
    nowState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin);
  }
  return nowState;
}
 
void loop() {
  buttonState = debounce(lastButtonState);  // read the input pin
 
  // if button goes down and before it was high
  if (buttonState == LOW && lastButtonState == HIGH) {
    buttonState = digitalRead(pushButtonPin);
 
    ledState = !ledState;
  }
 
  lastButtonState = buttonState;
  digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);  // turn the LED on or off
}

More elaborate debouncing techniques have also been used. For example, you can measure the time between HIGH-to-LOW or LOW-to-HIGH transitions and when they have gotten long enough you can assume that the switch is no longer bouncing. We leave the reader to research and explore these.

The the example above places the switch reading and debouncing code into its own function. One advantage of doing this is that it creates more clarity in the code by allowing us to give a good name to the process it encapsulates. Another reason is that it makes it easier to change and experiment with different algorithms for, in this case, debouncing. Yet another reason is that it gives you a clear block of code that you can re-use in other projects.

Debouncing switch contacts in software is appealing because of its cost: since it's done entirely in software, there are no added hardware expenses. However, often times you will not be able to use software debouncing. For example, because of the Arduino's interrupt architecture, it is very difficult use software debouncing with interrupt inputs.

There are many approaches that have been taken to debouncing switches in hardware. These will not be covered here, but a Web search for the topic should lead you to a number of options.

(multiple lights on/off)